Immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved outcomes for melanoma, but many patients still do not respond. This review outlines key reasons for treatment resistance and highlights growing evidence that the gut microbiota may influence immunotherapy response. It also considers the potential of microbiota-based approaches to help predict or improve outcomes.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment by enhancing anti-tumour immune responses, demonstrating significant efficacy in various malignancies, including melanoma. However, over 50% of patients experience limited or no response to ICI therapy. Resistance to ICIs is influenced by a complex interplay of tumour intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This review summarizes current ICIs for melanoma and the factors involved in resistance to the treatment. We also discuss emerging evidence that the microbiota can impact ICI treatment outcomes by modulating tumour biology and anti-tumour immune function. Furthermore, microbiota profiles may offer a non-invasive method for predicting ICI response. Therefore, future research into microbiota manipulation could provide cost-effective strategies to enhance ICI efficacy and improve outcomes for melanoma patients.
Reference:
Hossain, S.M.; Ly, K.; Sung, Y.J.; Braithwaite, A.; Li, K. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: What Should We Focus on to Improve the Clinical Outcomes? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 10120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810120